Sastra Hijau: Pendidikan Lingkungan dalam Novel Klasik

Onok Yayang Pamungkas

doi:10.53863/kst.v3i02.388

Authors

Onok Yayang Pamungkas Universitas Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53863/kst.v3i02.388

Abstract

Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk mengeksplanasi nilai pendidikan lingkungan dalam Quadriologi Novel Karya Ki Padmasusastra (selanjutnya disebut QNKKP) dalam perspektif budaya Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma penelitian kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini disebut cyber sastra, karena data diambil dari situs online. Data utama penelitian adalah empat novel karya Ki Padmasusastra. Teknis analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis isi melalui sudut pandang hermeneutika budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, QNKKP merupakan sastra Jawa kontemporer yang menggambarkan kondisi sosiokultural Jawa pada tahun 1901 s.d. 1924, yang kuat dengan nilai etis lingkungan. Nilai kearifan lingkungan Jawa merupakan kombinasi dari budaya leluhur dan kepercayaan Hindu. Praktik lingkungan manusia Jawa menjunjung harmonisasi, empati, rasa hormat, dan saling membutuhkan terhadap makhluk non-manusia. Sikap pro-lingkungan yang melekat dalam QNKKP dapat memainkan peran penting dalam memupuk rasa tanggung jawab manusia terhadap lingkungan. Signifikansi narasi ekologi dan etika lingkungan dalam QNKKP memberikan kontribusi terhadap reorientasi beberapa pandangan tentang praktik lingkungan tradisional di negara-negara berkembang. Implikasi penting dari temuan penelitian adalah kesadaran manusia untuk saling menghormati sesama entitas yang ada akan dapat membangun kekuatan yang dapat membimbing manusia agar etis terhadap semua unsur kehidupan. Melalui pembacaan instrinsiknya, nilai-nilai pendidikan pada QNKKP dapat dijadikan plaform pada pendidikan etis lingkungan. Untuk itu, QNKKP terlibat dalam ekologi melalui tiga cara, yakni pendidikan lingkungan, intelektual ilmiah, dan praktis.

Kata Kunci: Kearifan Lingkungan; Nilai Pendidikan; Ekologi Sastra

References

Asteria, D., Herdiansyah, H., & Apriana, I. W. A. (2016). Women’s Environmental Literacy As Social Capital in Environmental Management for Environmental Security of Urban Area. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/30/1/012014

Athanassakis, Y. (2017). Environmental justice in contemporary US narratives. In Environmental Justice in Contemporary US Narratives. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315712444

Barau, A. S., Stringer, L. C., & Adamu, A. U. (2016). Environmental ethics and future oriented transformation to sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1539–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.053

Beattie, J., & Liu, T. (2016). Introduction---Environment, Modernization, and Development in East Asia: Perspectives from Environmental History. In Liu, T. & J. Beattie (Eds.), Environment, Modernization and Development in East Asia: Perspectives from Environmental History (pp. 1–28). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-57231-8_1

Bishop, K., Reid, A., Andrew Stables, Lencastre, M., Stoer, S., & Soetaert, R. (2000). Developing Environmental Awareness through Literature and Media Education: Curriculum Development in the Context of Teachers’ Practice. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education (CJEE), 5(1), 268–286.

Buell, L. (2005). The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. In Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/SNPD.2008.112

Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded Theory pada Abad XXI: Aplikasinya dalam Memajukan Penelitian Keadilan Sosial. In Lincoln, N. K. D. dan Y. S. (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (edisi keti, pp. 547–580). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Cheng, Y., Lou, S., Kuo, S.-H., & Shih, R.-C. (2013). Investigating elementary school students ’ technology acceptance by applying digital game-based learning to environmental education. 29(1), 96–110.

Cortés Capano, G., Toivonen, T., Soutullo, A., & Di Minin, E. (2019). The emergence of private land conservation in scientific literature: A review. Biological Conservation, 237(July), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.07.010

Dewi, N. (2015). Manusia dan Lingkungan dalam Cerpen Indonesia Kontemporer: Analisis Ekokritik Cerpen Pilihan Kompas. Litera, 14(2), 376–391. Retrieved from https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/litera/article/view/7211/6216

Dewi, N. (2018). Ecohumanism in Teaching Poetry for EFL Students in Indonesia. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 18(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2018-1802-12

Dikicigil, Ö., & Gülersoy, A. E. (2020). Social studies pre-service teachers’ awareness of environmental ethics. Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 1579–1591. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.734482

Endraswara, S. (2016). Memayu Hayuning Bawana. Jakarta: PT Buku Seru.

Gaard, G. (2001). Ecofeminism Women, Animals, Nature. In Temple University Press. Philadelphia.

Garrard, G. (2004). Ecocriticism. USA and Canada: Routledge.

Geertz, C. (1956). Religious Belief and Economic Behavior in a Central Javanese Town: Some Preliminary Considerations. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 4(2), 134–158. https://doi.org/10.1086/449708

Glotfelty, C., & Fromm, H. (1996). The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks In Literary Ecology. Athens And London: The University of Georgian PRESS I.

Gough, A. G., & Robottom, I. (1993). Towards a socially critical environmental education: Water quality studies in a coastal school. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 25(4), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027930250401

Habibi, S. J., & Karbalaei, S. S. (2015). Incredulity towards global-warming crisis: Ecocriticism in Ian McEwan’s Solar. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 21(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2015-2101-09

Helvaci, S. C., & Helvaci, ?. (2019). An interdisciplinary environmental education approach: Determining the effects of E-STEM activity on environmental awareness. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070205

Holzhauser, K. (2008). Book review. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 11(3), 100–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2008.02.005

Hooti, N., & Ashrafian, A. (2014). D . H . Lawrence ‘ s St . Mawr?: An Ecocritical Study. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 20(2), 31–42. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/3L-2014-2002-03

Kim, W.-C. (2014). Environmental literature and the change of its Canon in Korea. CLCWeb - Comparative Literature and Culture, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.2653

Krippendorff, K. (1980). Validity in Content Analysis. Computerstrategien FÃ¼r Die Kommunikationsanalyse, 69–112. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/291

Li, T. (2019). Conservation Science Investigating Pre-1949 Chinese Paper-Based Materials. 10(1), 15–24.

Magnis-Suseno, F. (1984). Etika Jawa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.

McDonald, S. (2015). Settler Life Writing, Georgic Traditions and Models of Environmental Sustainability. American Review of Canadian Studies, 45(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2015.1064458

Mobley, C., Vagias, W. M., & DeWard, S. L. (2009). Exploring additional determinants of environmentally responsible behavior: The influence of environmental literature and environmental attitudes. Environment and Behavior, 42(4), 420–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508325002

Nichols, A. (2011). Nineteenth-Century Major Lives and Letters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Odinye, I. E. (2018). Social Consciousness: An Analysis of Ifeoma Okoye’s The Fourth World. Interdisciplinary Journal of African & Asian Studies, 1(4), 1–12.

Padmasusastra, K. (1901). Serat Pêthikan Saking Kabar Angin. Surakarta: Yayasan Sastra Lestari.

Padmasusastra, K. (1912). Serat Rangsang Tuban. Surakarta: Yayasan Sastra Lestari.

Padmasusastra, K. (1921). Serat Prabangkara. Surakarta: Yayasan Sastra Lestari.

Padmasusastra, K. (1924). Serat Kôndha Bumi. Surakarta: Yayasan Sastra Lestari.

Pamungkas, O. Y. (2021). Eko-Sufisme Jawa: Representasi Ekokritik dalam Sastra. Yogyakarta: Lintas Nalar.

Pamungkas, O. Y., Widodo, S. T., Suyitno, & Endraswara, S. (2018). Ecocriticism: Javanese Cosmology and Ecoethic in Tetralogy Romance by Ki Padmasusastra. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 280(Basa), 480–489. Retrieved from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Pamungkas, O. Y., Widodo, S. T., Suyitno, & Endraswara, S. (2019). Environmental Wisdom: An Observation of Ecocriticism towards the Javanese Cyber Literature in 20th Century. Intenational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 28(10), 46–60. Retrieved from http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/981

Pamungkas, O. Y., Widodo, S. T., Suyitno, & Endraswara, S. (2021). Metaphor as a Strategy of Language Politeness: A Study of the Novel Tetralogy by Ki Padmasusastra. Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Politeness (ICLP 2020), 553(Iclp 2020), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210514.009

Paterson, B. (2006). Ethics for Wildlife Conservation: Overcoming the Human–Nature Dualism. BioScience, 56(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0144:EFWCOT]2.0.CO;2

Pattaro, C. (2016). Character education: themes and researches. An academic literature review. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 8(1), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-ijse-2016-1-2

Quinn, G. (1982). Padmasusastra’s Rangsang Tuban: A Javanese Kabatinan Novel. Archipel, 24(Januari), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1982.1777

Rass, J. J. (2014). Masyarakat dan Kesusastraan di Jawa. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Ratna, I. N. K. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kajian Budaya dan Ilmu Sosial Humaniora pada Umumnya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Salisu Barau, A., Stringer, L. C., & Adamu, A. U. (2016). Environmental ethics and future oriented transformation to sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1539–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.053

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2010). Dasar-Dasar Penelitian Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Sukmawan, S. (2016). Ekokritik Sastra. Malang: UB Press.

Sunyoto, A. (2012). Atlas Wali Songo. Bandung: Mizan.

Sutopo, H. B. (2002). Metode Penelitian kualitatif. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press.

Suwandi, S., Zainnuri, H., & Yunus, A. (2019). Ecological literacy values in Indonesian language textbook for senior high school students published by Ministry of Education and Culture. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1360(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012006

Tago, M. Z. (2017). Agama Dan Integrasi Sosial Dalam Pemikiran Clifford Geertz. Kalam, 7(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v7i1.377

Thathong, K. (2012). A spiritual dimension and environmental education?: Buddhism and environmental crisis. 46, 5063–5068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.386

Vanderstoep, S. W., & Johnston, D. D. (2008). Research Methods for Everyday Life (Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches). 400.

Von Mossner, A. W. (2019). Why we care about (Non)fictional places: Empathy, character, and narrative environment. Poetics Today, 40(3), 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-7558150

Wibowo, P. A. W. (2015). A Stylistic Study on the Literary Works of Ki Padmasusastra Holistic Critique. 2(5), 139–150.

Widodo, S. T. (2013). Javanese names during the height of the hindu-buddhist kingdoms in java: An ethnolinguistic study. Kemanusiaan, 20(2), 81–89.

Wiyatmi, Liliani, E., & Budiyanto, D. (2016). Pendidikan Lingkungan melalui Sastra. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.

York, R., & Rosa, E. A. (2003). Key Challenges to Ecological Modernization Theory: Institutional Efficacy, Case Study Evidence, Units of Analysis, and the Pace of Eco-Efficiency. Organization & Environment, 16(3), 273–288. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26162475

Zhang, J., Liu, L. R., Shi, X. C., Wang, H., & Huang, G. (2017). Environmental information in modern fiction and ecocriticism. Journal of Environmental Informatics, 30(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.3808/jei.201700374