Semiotic Analysis of Masculinity in High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission: Janet Saltzman Chafetz Theory

This research intends to analyze and search for 7 areas of Chafetz's masculinity using Roland Barthes' semiotic method in the film High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission. The semiotics presented by Barthes regarding the meaning of denotation and connotation were implemented in analyzing 12 screenshots of scenes presented in the film High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission. Then the 12 research findings were analyzed using a predetermined method, namely using Janet Saltzman Chafetz's theory regarding 7 areas of masculinity. This study uses a qualitative method. Based on semiotic analysis in the film High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission, it has a relationship with the 7 areas of masculinity proposed by Janet Saltzman Chafetz. Namely the character's physical condition and appearance that is fashionable, the figure of provider or breadwinner for both oneself and many people, aggressive nature and experience in fighting, the ability to regulate one's emotional condition, the ability to think rationally and based on logic/knowledge, high interpersonal attitude, and spirit and fair competitive attitude.


Introduction
The definition of gender can be interpreted as social gender or social meaning to define social roles based on gender.Another view says that gender is a socially and culturally constructed characteristic of men and women.Masculine or feminine is not a gender-related thing, but society has assumed that culturally men should show the masculine side (Hutabarat, Lubis, and Oxcygentri, 2020).Gender creates differences between women and men in all aspects of human life, including women's social status which is lower than men.For example, women are known to be gentle, beautiful, emotional, or motherly (Ramadhana and Utami, 2020).Men are seen as strong, rational, masculine, cool.The man considered normal if he is aggressive, sexually active, or rational (Sokowati, 2019).Masculinity is a set of social practices and cultural representations related to being a safe person.Sometimes, a man must meet the criteria of masculinity to be considered a man.The word masculinity or masculine itself is taken from the English language muscle, namely traits that are only based on muscle or physical strength.Masculinity is often described by physical appearance, for example a man has an upright physical appearance and has a six pack stomach with short hair or maybe a hair style that looks disheveled.Not often, masculinity is often seen in terms of appearance by the public in general, appearances that look macho and dignified are often associated with masculine attitudes.So that the nature of masculinity is highlighted in the details of physical actions, physical conditions and attitudes because it shows the masculine side of a man.
Sometimes masculinity can be reflected in film.Film contain all aids like audio, visual, and drama which wrapped with interesting shooting techniques, It is considered to be able to reach many social segments, and has the potential to influence its audience (Haswari Zahra Demanti, 2019).When it comes to films of different genres such as comedy, action, horror, science fiction, thriller, adventure and romance, they can all have male elements in the film genres, but sometimes you can distinguish genres where films are dominated by male scenes.The action film genre, such as investigative films, favors action scenes that are synonymous with masculine men performing actions such as punching, parkour and stunts.Lots of films have sprung up in the digital era like today, with the development of technology it can create cool animated scenes that can amaze the eyes of the audience.As is the case with the film that will be studied, namely High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission, which presents many scenes of fisticuffs that are not rigid and stunning film shooting and conflicts that attract the audience's eye even from the beginning of the film.The High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission, debuting in cinemas on November 11, 2017, was directed by Shigeaki Kubo.This film initiated by a Japanese director is very closely related to the details of attitudes and culture that show the masculinity of a man and cultural attitudes that can also influence the masculinity factor in the film.This film is filled with fighting scenes because the film has the theme of fighting between gangs that control certain areas of a well-known gang by using force for violence.Uniquely, in the film that will be examined there are several characters whose appearance is opposite to the male side of masculinity but the characters can still show the masculine side with their attitudes and ways of speaking in the film scene.
In order to find the meaning of masculinity in film, the semiotic method is usually used.Semiotics is trying to find signs that have meaning and know sign systems such as language, motion, music, pictures and so on.According to Barthes, Semiotics is a science or method of analysis to study signs.Signs are tools that we use in an effort to find our way in this world, among humans and with humans.Semiotics in Barthes' terms, semiology, basically wants to study how humanity makes sense of things.Meaning (to sinify) in this case can be mixed up by communicating (to communicate).Interpreting means that the objects want to communicate, but also constitute the structured item of the sign.Meaning means that objects do not only carry information, in this case the objects want to communicate, but also constitute a structured system of signs (Roland Barthes, 1964).
In order to find the meaning of masculinity in film, the semiotic method is usually used.Semiotics is trying to find signs that have meaning and know sign systems such as language, motion, music, pictures and so on.According to Barthes, Semiotics is a science or method of analysis to study signs.Signs are tools that we use in an effort to find our way in this world, among humans and with humans.Semiotics in Barthes' terms, semiology, basically wants to study how humanity makes sense of things.Meaning (to sinify) in this case can be mixed up by communicating (to communicate).Interpreting means that the objects want to communicate, but also constitute the structured item of the sign.Meaning means that objects do not only carry Thus the research conducted by the researcher is examined by using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory, looking for signifiers and signifieds that produce connotative, denotative.Signifiers and signifieds are tabulated to be separated and then re-analyzed to obtain the denotative, connotative.The data collection technique used is the documentation technique.The use of documentation techniques to collect visual texts and film scenes from films, collection of visual text data and film scene data can assist in the analysis of the films to be studied.Furthermore, the researcher will discuss the results of the analysis and link the findings with the theory that has been determined by the researcher.It aims to find out the meaning of the signs presented in the scene in this film.The researcher's findings become a discussion and to see the masculinity side of the cast of the film High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission, including being close to the seven areas of masculinity proposed by Janet Saltzman Chafetz, namely physical, functional, sexual, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, personal character others (Chafetz, 2006).

Findings and Discussion
The films that are used as the object of research are the films High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission.The researcher has collected signs of meaning with the concepts of connotation and denotation which are Roland Barthez's semiotic concepts.Furthermore, the researcher analyzes and looked for relevance to the theory that the researcher used next, this aims to find the meaning of the signs from the cut scenes in the film.The findings of the meaning of signs in the previous chapter be used as material for study and to see the masculine side of the actors/presented in the film High and Low the Movie 3 Final Mission, including the theoretical approach to the seven areas of masculinity put forward by Janet Saltzman Chafetz namely physical, functional, sexual, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, other personal characteristics (Rumahorbo, 2018).

Denotation
The leader of the Sannoh Rengo gang named Cobra who was taken hostage and tortured by rival gang Kuryu group who wore black suits, and tortured them using baseball bats and chains.musical instruments and the sound of people being hit.

Connotation
Dark-colored clothing style with several accessories is a characteristic of Japanese street style men who want to show their fierce side.Baseball bats and chains as a means of torturing hostages, which also shows strength and masculinity.

Denotation
The Kuryu gang having a discussion after carrying out the attack on Daruma Ikka's gang, where all the gang members were seen bowing to their leader.As well as scenes with shades of red and also the Daruma symbol in the background.

Connotation
Body position and head bowed is Japanese culture to respect elders and people who have higher positions.The red background gives a bold and fierce impression to the film scene.

Connotation
Riding together is a hobby of men who show their manliness.

Denotation
A character named kohaku tries to pick up a cigarette after his fight against Kuryu's gang.He is described as having an unkempt appearance, namely a long hairstyle and a mustache and beard.

Connotation
Smoking is usually used as a means for men to think when confused and anxious.

Denotation
Cobra is seen with a sharp facial expression and has battle scars on his face.

Connotation
A sharp facial expression that shows a man who is sure of the risks that will be taken, as well as the bloodstains on the face depict a man who likes to take risks by fighting.

Connotation
Strikingly dressed outfits represent the diversity of today's masculinity, even though flashy clothes tend to be feminine but there is still a firm attitude embedded in men as shown in the scene image.

Scene at 01:22:13
Figure 8 samurai as a reference for masculinity in Japan in his time

Denotation
The person who has a typical Japanese samurai look by using a katana, hakama.

Connotation
The appearance of a samurai-like person carrying a katana sword while wearing a hakama shows a side of masculinity that is oriented towards an ancient samurai.

Denotation
The Sannoh Rengo gang who are helping to evacuate Nameless Street residents from a dynamite explosion planted by Kuryu's gang.The scene of the Sannoh Rengo gang hugging a woman to protect them from the explosion.

Connotation
Explosion gives the impression of danger.Protecting a woman is a man's natural attitude.

Denotation
The Rude Boys gang who are gathering at their headquarters.Where there are a lot of geafiti and torn motifs that are also found on their clothes.

Connotation
Graffiti is sometimes made by men to show a penchant for something.Clothes with torn motifs are sometimes used by teenagers to show their identity.

Denotation
A gang that contains Oya high school students who don't wear school uniforms.

Connotation
A group of high school youths are fond of fighting, as a sign of rejection in their studies they choose not to wear uniforms and choose to fight.

Denotation
We can see a combination of gangs ruling the SWORD region who wear different clothes to show the identity of each gang facing the Kuryu Gang who are neatly dressed formally, the Kuryu gang starts the attack first.

Connotation
Diverse views of masculinity in terms of the way men dress and the fighting scenes in those scenes.
After collecting 12 data using the Roland Barthes method, in this discussion, all the data was analyzed using Janet Saltzman Chafetz's theory, namely 7 areas of masculinity.The results of the analysis are as below:

Ideal and Fashionable Physical Appearance
Relating to the physical condition of a man who has a manly impression and an athletic body, giving rise to a masculine meaning.Physicality does affect a man in masculinity because with a good physique or athleticism, men will be seen as strong and have more strength (Tanjung Sumekar, 2015).Not only do they have an athletic body, masculine men also sometimes have to have traits that seem manly and brave, to compensate for their dashing physical condition.Courage also has a function in the aspect of decision making in the sense that a man must be alert and firm in making a decision.Differences in the meaning of masculinity in films are usually influenced by the setting in which the film is filmed, in this case the film being studied takes place in Japan and almost all shooting is done in Japan as well.As we already know, Japan is one of the countries in the Asian region where it is different from the meaning of masculinity in terms of physical condition where men in western countries have tall and large physiques while men in the Asian region are relatively short and full bodies.Masculinity in Asia is arguably more diverse, one of which is in Japan which describes masculinity in terms of physical condition as a man with an ideal body in the figure of a samurai but as time goes by and the times are marked by the many Japanese men's beauty salons starting to consciously take care of themselves in order to achieve masculinity.In short, the difference in the development of masculinity in Japan where the figure of a samurai who was indifferent to appearance and physical condition until now men are aware of taking care of themselves in order to achieve masculinity.
The appearance of today's Japanese men is a stylish and fashionable appearance, where men are now more sensitive and know how to mix and match styles to make them look more attractive.Do not forget to use feminine elements and use them, for example, accessories such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings and rings which aim to add minor details to make Japanese men more attractive.
In the film that is examined, several characters have an ideal posture similar to the meaning of Japanese male masculinity.Due to the setting in the film where there are lots of fights, the actors in this film are depicted as muscular men because they have been trained in everyday combat.The gang leaders in the film also have no doubt about their strength and authority, all gang leaders have that, for example, in the one minute scene 00:00:58 and the sixth minute 00:17:45.In the first scene of the film, a scene that reflects strength is presented, where as seen, the leader of the Sannoh Rengo gang is interrogated using violence and in the sixth scene, the leader of the Sanoh Rengokai gang is shown, namely the character Cobra attacking the Kuryu gang alone without hesitation.The sixth scene describes the courage of a gang leader.

The figure of a breadwinner or breadwinner in a group or family
As a man has an obligation as a provider and breadwinner for his family, therefore a man has a big responsibility to his family.Not infrequently the meaning of family does not only mean blood relations and ties, but the meaning of a family can be established through association and friendship ties or an organization/group that is long established and knows each other well, it is not uncommon for us to think of friends as family because we have known each other for a long time and well.In the family, men have the task of making a living or provider because men have more power to do something that is hard and outside the home (Ramadhani and Suratnoaji, 2021).Like the 11th minute film scene at 01:05:44 the leader of a gang that oversees a SWORD area, this gang contains members who are all still in high school so that this gang has no funding to support the gang's activities.Therefore, Murayama as the leader of the gang has a sense of awareness to fund his gang.He did this because Murayama felt that as the leader of the gang, he was responsible for maintaining and ensuring that his men were always comfortable and happy in terms of material needs.
What's more, in this film you rarely find female figures because there are many elements of fighting and women tend to do more homework.This meaning also appeared in the era of the Japanese samurai in the past where Japanese samurai were dominated by men who often also had female samurai who were commonly called onna-bugeisha but in fact the first female samurai in Japan was an empress of the emperor in Japan (Marliah, 2021).Despite the fact that now many women earn a living outside the home, with the history of the samurai, it is mandatory for Japanese men to have jobs so they can provide for the survival of their families and groups.The provider does not only talk about material living but can also be in the form of motivation and direction to achieve the group's goals.Talking about providers is very relevant to the nature of leadership where a leader is a provider figure to his group in order to motivate his group to keep going according to directions to achieve goals.Therefore, in the film studied, there are lots of inter-gang leaders shown because the leader in the film acts as a provider figure in the group gangs to empower the survival of its gang members.

Aggressive and More Experienced Fighting in Gangs
Aggressive and experienced behavior is included in the third area of masculinity in these seven areas of masculinity, in the seven areas of masculinity described aggressive and experienced in various fields, in this film aggressive and experienced in terms of fighting between gangs.Aggressive means more to build the impression of being brave and reckless in doing something and being experienced in various fields sometimes men don't really think about relationship status (Ramadhani and Suratnoaji, 2021).For example, the seven masculine areas are presented by the Rude Boys gang, whose appearance is torn (10th scene 00:43:15) so that it has the impression of an aggressive, attacking-type gang where the torn pattern gives the impression of being aggressive and not afraid of scratches in battle.Not only in scene ten but in scene nine (at minute 01:33:01) it also depicts the leader of the Sannoh Rengo gang who is swift and aggressive in trying to protect a woman from an explosion.In this film, it is also very rare to find romance scenes or actors who are involved in love scenes between characters, in other words, they are more focused on their lives as gang members.Aggressive and experienced men are sometimes seen as masculine men, a lot and extensive experience also makes men respected because being experienced in doing something makes him have more abilities and not necessarily everyone can do it.
Behaving aggressively is very suitable and relevant to the film that is being studied, telling stories about fights and disputes between gangs where the majority of the actors are dominated by men but there are also female actors but only play supporting roles while male actors play more of a role in the films studied.Aggressive behavior here is not only just in action and action, but in this film, aggressive behavior is depicted which also has the meaning of being swift in making decisions in a short time as in the sixth minute scene 00:17:45 which can also be said as aggressive behavior in the film.because the leader of the Sannoh gang Rengo made a quick decision in a short time to attack Kuryu's gang without thinking about the risks.In other scenes, such as the 12th minute scene at 00:09:55, it is a sign of aggressiveness between gangs where after a dispute between the gangs they decide to meet face to face in one place and then fight where fighting to resolve disputes is also aggressive behavior.
In terms of experience, this film emphasizes the fighting experience of a man.In this film, it is shown that someone who is proficient and experienced in terms of fighting will usually be respected within the gang, and it is not uncommon for the character to have a great chance to fill the leadership slot in the gang.Like the character Murayama who is the strongest person in the Oya high school gang where he goes through the tradition of withstanding 100 punches from other students to become the strongest in Oya school.Therefore Murayama is highly respected by all members of his gang and even other gangs because of his strength.With Murayama's experience, it was what made his gang members confident in his strength that Murayama would be able to survive in battle and become invincible.

Can Regulate Self Emotional Conditions
In this masculine emotional area what is meant is that in dealing with everything a man must remain calm and not be consumed by his own emotions but must be faced with a cool head and be careful in making decisions.Emotions sometimes make a person unable to think clearly so it is difficult to distinguish what is right and what is wrong.Indeed, in the film under study there are lots of fight scenes which of course involve emotions, the majority of the scenes in this film are filled with fighting scenes between gangs, but in the clashes between gangs there is a gang who cleverly makes a strategy to bring down their enemy gang (Kuryu gang).In creating this strategy, cold and critical thinking is needed so that the resulting strategy matures to produce success, as in the 11th scene at minute 01:05:44 where all the gangs in the SWORD area gather to devise a strategy to bring down the Kuryu gang.The gangs where before being attacked by the Kuryu gang were competing gangs and beating each other, after the Kuryu gang attack they gathered to devise a strategy to defeat the Kuryu gang.Men are often identified with leaders because they have more power and men are seen as masculine if they can control their emotions, in the sense that men can control their strength and use their power for good things.
The film under study is filled with the emotional state of a person in terms of fighting, which always evokes emotion in every fight.There is also a push and pull scene where there is an emotional outburst but after that there is an emotional damper.Like in the 5th minute scene at 00:22:34 where a character tries to smoke to quell emotions after a fight and in this scene it can imply that a man can control his emotions by smoking because cigarettes contain nicotine which can relax the brain's nerve muscles.This can also produce the notion that smoking men are considered masculine because when smoking a man vents and releases his emotions by venting these emotions men are considered masculine because they can control their emotions.Overflowing emotions can also be detrimental to a person because a person cannot think clearly.The existence of this emotional tug-of-war scene shows that every fight between gangs does not only involve emotions but also requires a strategy to win and in creating this strategy requires calm and cold thinking.In addition to controlling emotions, smoking also creates self-confidence, at first smoking is intended for men only because the side effects produced are quite severe for women, therefore smoking increases men's confidence because they think their physical condition is able to withstand the effects of smoking (Khoiri, 2016).

Thinking Rationally and Based on Logic (Intellectual)
Having rational thinking and using logic is also included in the masculine area for men because thinking rationally is a mindset that is very effective in solving problems comparing facts and problems that are happening (Huda, 2016).Someone who has a rational and logical mindset is considered masculine because usually someone who has this mindset is considered easier to solve everything, can think of effective ideas in solving problems.In the 4th minute scene at 00:02:09 it is shown that the top officials of the Kuryu gang are walking and gathering to discuss plans to destroy the SWORD gang area, with neat suits that can present the meaning that they are from high society and are intellectual.It is also shown that these high-ranking officials walk side by side while bowing their heads to the leader which means they respect the gang leader, in the Kuryu gang the leader is a person who has high intelligence so that members respect him because he can manage his gang well.
In connection with the emotional state to think rationally and based on logic, a stable emotional condition is indeed needed.Because you can see there are lots of fight scenes directly and are finished with fights without prioritizing rational thinking because if there is rational thinking then there will be other ways to solve problems without fighting but because of their environmental factors which are gang environments, they have rational thinking in their way themselves like strategizing to fight other gangs and to win.

High Interpersonal Attitude and Soul
Interpersonal can mean having a leadership and dominating spirit, men are often appointed as leaders because men are considered to have more rational thoughts and have more power (Ramadhani and Suratnoaji, 2021).In the spirit of leadership there is a high responsibility, therefore a man who has the status of a group leader is seen as masculine because he carries a high sense of responsibility.In this film, various leaders in gangs are shown who have their own characteristics, from gangs with unique and attractive appearance to gangs consisting of school students.The leader of the gang is the strongest person and must be the strongest because apart from being the leader of the gang he also has to think about the safety of his members, with that responsibility, the leader of the gang is considered masculine because he has a very big responsibility.
A leader not only has the attitude of a leader and authority but also has an appearance that can create an impression of responsibility such as the use of formal clothing such as suits and leather.In today's era there are lots of successful companies and behind all that there must be a good leader role too, leaders also usually have a different appearance from their members which sometimes have their own characteristics.Likewise, in the film under study, the appearance of a very distinctive gang leader is shown, as in the 12th minute scene at 00:09:55, a row of SWORD regional gang leaders is presented, one of which is the leader of the Daruma Ikka gang, where the appearance of the gang leader and its members is very different, namely the leader wears a flashy and layered dress and the members only dress modestly.
The leader in the gang in this film is a very influential figure in his gang because they are the strongest people in his gang.In the 2nd minute scene at 00:11:42 it is also shown about the dominance of the leader over its members where the meaning is created from the depiction of the heads of the gang members bowing when facing the gang leader which results in the perception that the Kuryu gang members are afraid and shy of their leader.From this fear, the top officials of the Kuryu gang can dominate their members and carry out punishments if their members are wrong.

Fair Competitiveness
Striving to be the best is a man's masculine attitude.By being the best, a man is considered reliable in certain matters.In the film that is examined, disputes between gangs are a competitive attitude for them, where their competitive attitude is to fight in order to be the best in their area.Before the creation of the SWORD gang alliance, they beat each other to seize the territory of other gangs to be the best, but after the Kuryu gang, which had the goal of destroying the SWORD region, the SWORD regional gangs also formed an alliance to fight the Kuryu gang.A competitive and competitive spirit has good benefits because it can produce strong ambition in a person, maybe in a film it is different from the competitive attitude that exists in everyday life such as vying with each other for good things but in the film it is slightly different because of the environment in the film is a gang environment so they are competitive in their own way (Amalia, 2020).
The 12th minute scene at 00:09:55 shows the battle of the SWORD gang alliance against the Kuryu gang, who are competing with each other to thwart the plans of their respective gangs.The attitude of ambition not only in positive terms but also sometimes in negative terms in the film story under study is an example of negative ambition because they compete using violence, because all the gangs can do is fight so they do everything by fighting.Uniquely, the SWORD gang alliance fought against the Kuryu gang to thwart Kuryu's evil plans, namely to build casinos and other adult entertainment venues.The five SWORD alliance gangs considered this to be deviation by the Kuryu gang, the Kuryu gang also committed violence against the inhabitants of the SWORD Region so that the alliance gang made up their mind to fight the Kuryu gang even though the power of the Kuryu gang is very big.The area that they are trying to defend is a large territory and has been defended from generation to generation.There is a term fighting for the good.This is what the five gangs are doing, namely the S.W.O.R.D gang, to defend their territory from Kuryu gangs who want to build illegal businesses in their area.

Conclusion
Based on the results of semiotic analysis in the film high and low the movie 3 final mission, the results obtained are several characters and scenes related to the 7 areas of masculinity.Among them is the depiction of a character who has a strong, dashing, brave, and masculine physical condition.Then there is also the meaning of the functional role where men are the providers and breadwinners.From a sexual point of view, the cast is also attracted to women, but there are also those who are preoccupied with the world of the gang, so they accept their single status to focus more on the gang.In the film there are also many fight scenes because of the emotional atmosphere, but with many battles the characters are still able to think calmly and logically to develop strategies and tactics to win the battle.Dominant interpersonal leaders have a lot of depictions of characters who are leaders who are respected by other gang members.Another personal character is a competitive spirit, there are five gangs that compete with each other to be the best in the S.W.O.R.D area and also when the five gangs unite they also have a competitive spirit not to lose to the Kuryu gang that will destroy their territory.

Figure 1 a
Figure 1 a man with acts of violence

Figure 2
Figure 2 body language and masculine colors

Figure 3
Figure 3 man riding a big motorcycle

Figure 4 Figure 5
Figure 4 masculine male style

Figure 6
Figure 6 masculine male figure expression

Figure 7
Figure 7 the attitude of a masculine male figure

Figure 9 a
Figure 9 a masculine man is a male figure who protects weaker people Figure 10 hobbies and motives for masculine men's clothing

Figure 11
Figure 11 fighting as a masculine act for men Figure 12 identity clothing and gang fights in movies English Education and Literature Journal (E-Jou) | 62